Text Box: Subject(s): Math, Science   Grade/Level: 7-12   Time Required: 1 class period prior to visit for preparation 1 hour at Valley Worlds of Fun for this activity 1 hour in the resource room or your classroom for completion of worksheet and discussion   WV State Standards: Content Area: Advanced Physics AP.2.6 use appropriate technology solutions (e.g., computer, CBL, probe interfaces, software) to measure and collect data; interpret data; analyze and/or report data; interact with simulations; conduct research; and to present and communicate conclusions. AP.2.7 demonstrate science processes within a problem solving setting (e.g., observing, measuring, calculating, communicating, comparing, ordering, categorizing, classifying, relating, hypothesizing, predicting, inferring, considering alternatives, and applying). AP.3.1 analyze systems to understand the natural and designed world; use systems analysis to make predictions about behaviors in systems; recognize order in units of matter, objects or events. AP.4.2 using both given information and laboratory collected data, calculate velocity and acceleration along linear and circular paths. AP.4.3 solve multi-step problems involving velocity, acceleration and net force.AP.4.4  apply both graphical, algebraic, and trigonometric solutions to vector, problems involving two or more vectors; calculate both vector components and resultants including projectile motion in both one and two dimensions. AP.4.5 apply the concepts of potential and kinetic energy to final velocity of an object-independent of path; evaluate the conservation of energy and momentum in simple harmonic motion SC.10.4.25  apply Newton’s Laws of Motion to depict the relationship among rate, force, momentum, work, and time using kinematics graph and mathematical models. SC.10.4.27 determine the effect of different forces on vibrating systems (e.g., pendulums, springs). SC.9.4.23  review foundational concepts of kinematics (e.g., speed-distance-time relationships, graphs) and dynamics (e.g., Newton’s Laws, simple machines). SC.9.3.4 understand that different characteristics, properties or relationships within a system might change as its dimensions are increased or decreased (e.g., scale up, scale down SC.8.4.22 graph and interpret the relationships (e.g., distance versus time, speed versus time, acceleration versus time). SC.8.4.23 describe Newton’s Laws of Motion; identify examples; illustrate qualitatively and quantitatively drawing vector quantities. SC.7.4.24 explain the effect of gravity on falling objects (e.g., g= 9.8m/s2, object dropped on earth and on moon). SC.7.4.25 analyze motion graphically and use vectors to represent direction of motion.   Objective(s): Using previously determined velocities and student generated time data, students will calculate the coefficient of friction for both the rolling ball and the surface of the bowling alley.   Procedure: All information is located on the Bowling for Science Worksheet.   Valley Worlds of Fun Activity: 1. Set up one of the bowling ball inclines. Record the height on the worksheet in column #1(There are three different heights, 38 inches, 32 inches and 26 inches. Only use the 26 and 38 inch inclines.) 2. An observer will start the stopwatch as the ball crosses the foul line after being rolled down the incline the ramp.   Stop the timing as the ball either strikes the # 1 pin, or crosses the plane at the front of the #1 pin.  Record the time on the worksheet in column #2.   Complete in the resource room or in your classroom. 1. Use the following table of observed velocities as the initial velocity of the ball.   (The velocity of the ball was determined by taking a series of photos and plotting the location of the ball.  The horizontal velocity as the ball left the incline was determined and recorded.) 2. Use the information in tables #1 and #2 on the worksheet to fill the information in table #3. 3. Determine the coefficient of friction of the rolling ball and the bowling alley surface, by using the following directions. Fill in the data table #3. · Solve equation #1 for average velocity to determine the average velocity of the ball using the time and distance · Solve equation #2 to find the final velocity as the ball strikes the pin. · Use equation #3 to solve for the deceleration of the ball as it rolls down the alley. · Use equation #4 to solve for the frictional force slowing down the ball. · Use equation #5 to determine the weight in Newtons of the ball · Use equation #6 to determine the coefficient of friction between the   rolling ball and the waxed alley.   Student Follow-up Questions: 1. If the mass of the ball were different, would it affect the coefficient of friction? 2. Will friction always slowdown the ball along a horizontal surface? 3. Can a coefficient of friction ever be greater then 1.0? 4. Can a coefficient of friction ever be negative? 5. If the time of the “run” decreased, what effect would that have on the velocity? 6. If you repeated this experiment on a different lane and you found that the time decreased, would the coefficient of friction be greater or smaller?   Instructional Materials: Stopwatch, clipboard, data tables, meter stick and three ball rolling inclines, Bowling for Science Worksheet   Differentiated Instruction: 1. Determine the diameter of a bowling ball by rolling it down the lane and counting the rotations. 2. Work with your team and design an experiment using the bowling alley, stopwatch, inclines, rulers and your imagination.  Report your findings to the class.   Assessment/Evaluation: Completion of the Bowling for Science Worksheet.